Il lavoro in Italia e il paradosso dei diritti per tutti

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Parte 1

Aziende e lavoratori, l'evoluzione del mercato e la "caccia" al posto fisso. Indaghiamo insieme storia e origini del lavoro in Italia in questo contenuto.

Quando è iniziata l'emergenza occupazione? Perché domanda e offerta di lavoro non si incontrano? Continua a leggere per scoprire il complesso rapporto tra lavoro e diritti in Italia.

Perché in Italia ci sono tante aziende che cercano personale e non lo trovano e ci sono tanti disoccupati che non trovano lavoro? Vi siete trovati in questa situazione? E come avete risolto?

La risposta sembra ovvia e riconducibile a tanti luoghi comuni (i giovani non hanno voglia di lavorare, le aziende cercano schiavi)… forse non è tutto così scontato e per questo vale la pena cercare di capire in termini “antropologici” da dove nasce questa cultura nei confronti del tema “lavoro”.

Il mondo del lavoro in Italia

Parliamo di numeri:

  • gli inattivi in Italia (quelli che non cercano lavoro nonostante siano in età lavorativa) sono circa 34 milioni;
  • i disoccupati in Italia (quelli che cercano attivamente lavoro e non lo trovano) sono circa 2 milioni e mezzo.

Come è possibile che questi due mondi viaggino su binari paralleli e non trovino un punto di incontro?

L’analisi non deve assolutamente addossare colpe, deve trovare un modo per avvicinare i protagonisti di questo processo per il bene di tutti, quindi ogni considerazione per riflettere insieme sarà utile! (non le critiche verso uno o l’altro).

Partiamo dalla storia del nostro paese che ha contribuito a creare la mentalità attuale.

Il Pregresso storico

Negli ultimi cento anni abbiamo assistito a un periodo di trasformazioni intense nel mercato del lavoro, nelle dinamiche dell’occupazione, nella struttura professionale della popolazione e soprattutto nelle condizioni di vita dei lavoratori, migliorata anche grazie alle tutele crescenti assicurate dai sindacati.

Gli avvenimenti storici che hanno interessato questi anni rendono il periodo ricco di intense trasformazioni dovute sia alla complessità degli eventi che si sono succeduti, che agli imprevisti che la società globale ha dovuto affrontare (vedi la seconda e terza parte della rivoluzione industriale, la Seconda guerra mondiale, il boom economico, l’avvento di Internet e per finire la pandemia).

Il mondo dei lavoratori ha visto quindi molti cambiamenti che adesso ci sembrano la normalità ma che hanno modificato sostanzialmente il panorama:

  • Pensiamo all’entrata autorevole delle donne nel mercato del lavoro;
  • Pensiamo alla ricerca della “flessibilità” lavorativa e delle riforme delle politiche del lavoro che si sono dovute adeguare a questo modello: la “flessibilità” diventa un elemento essenziale e si contrappone alla “rigidità” iniziale;
  • Pensiamo agli accordi sindacali che in tema di normativa sul lavoro hanno avuto una grande importanza di rappresentanza dando un senso giuridico alla tutela dei lavoratori.

Quindi DA UN LATO, per anni, il sindacato ha cercato di creare tutele per i lavoratori equilibrando la domanda e l’offerta all’interno delle grandi aziende, parliamo di FIAT, ENI, IRA, CANDY, IGNIS, OLIVETTI, RAI (tutti simboli del miracolo italiano tra il 1958 e il 1963), che in pochi anni sono diventate aziende di fama mondiale; DALL’ALTRO LATO, nel paese iniziavano a nascere le PMI che ai giorni nostri costituiscono la maggioranza delle imprese in Italia e che, non avendo singolarmente fatturati importanti, non possono accedere con facilità alla forza lavoro proprio perché i modelli di contratti di lavoro iniziali (e tutele) erano stati formulati per le grandi aziende.

 

Agli inizi degli anni ’70 i tassi di disoccupazione non preoccupavano le associazioni in Italia; successivamente questo dato è aumentato, incrementato dalla disoccupazione dei giovani che non trovavano più un impiego nei grandi stabilimenti industriali, che agli inizi degli anni ’90 iniziavano a chiudere per improduttività oppure si spostavano all’estero per agevolazioni fiscali.

E poi cosa è successo?

Ai giorni nostri l’incremento dei disoccupati ha raggiunto livelli molto elevati e la crisi pandemica mondiale ha accelerato questo processo soprattutto per alcuni settori che sono stati maggiormente colpiti: questo è un incremento senza precedenti che, solo l’uso indiscriminato della cosiddetta ‘cassa integrazione in deroga’, è riuscito a marginare in termini di impoverimento della popolazione, ma che non ha comunque aiutato l’occupazione (perché molte “cassa integrazione” si sono trasformati in sussidio di disoccupazione contribuendo all’immobilità del mercato).

Posto fisso e lavoro sicuro, creazione di una mentalità

La società in cui viviamo è caratterizzata da rapidi cambiamenti, dove cambiano altrettanto velocemente, professioni, impieghi, mestieri, tanto che la prospettiva di trovarsi senza lavoro deve essere presa in considerazione in modo sempre più rilevante.

L’emergenza dell’occupazione, negli ultimi anni, ha assunto un ruolo centrale sulla scena economica e sociale, soprattutto perché la tecnologia e il progresso nei vari settori economici e produttivi hanno permesso di diminuire il personale con conseguente aumento della disoccupazione legata ESCLUSIVAMENTE a competenze specifiche.

Ovviamente si sono aperti mercati diversi che richiedono altri tipi di competenze e nei quali è richiesto l’inserimento di nuovo personale.

Cioè, il lavoro non è una torta da spartire, finite le fette finisce l’occupazione, mandiamo in pensione il sessantenne per sostituirlo con un nuovo giovane lavoratore!

Il lavoro si produce, si crea, semplicemente si sposta da un settore all’altro, da una skill a un’altra. Bisogna in modo flessibile imparare a spostarsi in modo agile rimanendo aggiornati e al passo con i tempi (vediamo più avanti cosa si può fare).

Di fronte a questa realtà il mito del posto fisso sembra infrangersi per lasciare il posto alla flessibilità, vissuta ancora come un limite e non come un vantaggio…

Noi crediamo nell'importanza della condivisione. E tu?

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